Бобров И.А., Захаров А.В. ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ТЕПЛОВОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ

реклама
!" 624.131
.!. "#$%#&, !.'. ()*)%#&
!"#$%&' ()*&+(),-(.' &$$,!/+0)1!,-$%&' 2+,&1!3(&4!$%&'
5(&0!"$&1!1
+, -././ . 0.+12'23 4/.,5
27/2'!/ 8 918 202+1./ 8
5,6/02'252
:2/9 ; 2/ ,2'!/ 8
(9!/ 3
6)$$#+1"!(. 7)%1+"., 0,&89:&! () 7+"#&"+0)(&! 1!#2!")15"(+;+ "!<&#) ;"5(1), ")=")>+1)() 2"&(*&2&),-()8 $3!#) ")>+1. $&$1!#. +1+2,!(&8 $ 2"&#!(!(&!# ?(!";!1&4!$%+;+
75(/)#!(1), 2"!/$1)0,!() 1!3(+,+;&8 5$1"+'$10) ()&>+,!! ")$2"+$1")(!((+;+ 1&2) 75(/)#!(1) $ 1+4%& ="!(&8 &$2+,-=+0)(&8 (&=%+2+1!(*&),-(+' ?(!";&& @!#,& – ?(!";!1&4!$%+' $0)&.
:<=>?&@? A<#&): 1!#2!")15") ;"5(1+0 +$(+0)(&8, (&=%+2+1!(*&),-()8 ?(!";&8, ?(!";!1&4!$%&! $0)&.
#$%&'($)*('+ &,-')*.'/$(&+ 0'-)&/('-1(+23+0&4+,5&6 2+,72,'/
,+3'8(9 -2+8,0$/)9+0 ,':'; '8(7 &. 3)':$)*(<6 =&2'/<6 -2':)+=, 7,-+>('+ 2+>+(&+ 5'0'2';, -'-/&8&='=7, :78+0 &=+0* '-2+8+)9?@++
.($4+(&+ (+ 0')*5' 8)9 8$)*(+;>+3' 2$./&0&9 =&2'/'3' ,'':@+,0/$,
(' & 8)9 ,'62$(+(&9 ,2+8< +3' ':&0$(&9. A8(&= &. -+2,-+50&/(<6 -70+; 2+>+(&9 10'; -2':)+=< 9/)9+0,9 -2&=+(+(&+ ('/<6 1(+23',:+2+3$?@&6 0+6(')'3&;, &,-')*.7?@&6 (+02$8&%&'((<+ /'.':('/)9+=<+
&,0'4(&5& 1(+23&&. B2& 10'= /+,*=$ 1CC+50&/(<= ($-2$/)+(&+= /(+82+(&9 2$,,=$02&/$+=<6 0+6(')'3&; / -2$50&57 ,02'&0+)*,0/$ -2+8,0$/)9+0,9 -2&=+(+(&+ 0+-)'($(',(<6 ,&,0+= 0+-)',($:D+(&9, &,-')*.7?@&6 / 5$4+,0/+ 8',07-('3' &,0'4(&5$ 0+-)$ (&.5'3' -'0+(%&$)$ 327(0 -'/+26(',0(<6 ,)'+/ E+=)&. F,-')*.'/$(&+ (&.5'-'0+(%&$)*('3' 0+-)$ E+=)& -',2+8,0/'= 0+-)'/<6 ($,','/ /'.='D(' -2$50&4+,5& -'/,+=+,0('1.
G$ '-2+8+)+(('; 3)7:&(+ 0+=-+2$072$ 327(0$ ',0$+0,9 / :')*>+;
,0+-+(& -',0'9(('; / 0+4+(&+ /,+3' 3'8$, 40' -'./')9+0 &,-')*.'/$0*
+3' / 5$4+,0/+ &,0'4(&5$ 0+-)$ .&='; & '6)$D8+(&9 )+0'=.
1
H$,&)*+/ I.B. J+-)'6)$8',($:D+(&+ .8$(&; & ,''27D+(&; , &,-')*.'/$(&+= (&.5'-'0+(%&$)*('; 0+-)'/'; 1(+23&& -'/+26(',0(<6 ,)'+/ E+=)&: ='('32$C&9. – K.: I2$(&%$, 2006.
10
H :')*>&(,0/+ 2+3&'('/ L/2'-< ,+.'((<+ 0+=-+2$072< 327(0$
',0$?0,9 '0(',&0+)*(' -',0'9((<=& ($ 3)7:&(+ (&D+ 10–20 =. G$ 2&,. 1
-'5$.$(' 3'8'/'+ 2$,-2+8+)+(&+ 0+=-+2$072< 327(0$ 8' 3)7:&(< 20 =.
G$ 3)7:&(+ '0 1,2 8' 1,5 = 0+=-+2$072$ =+(9+0,9 / 8&$-$.'(+ '0 7
8' 13 °C, ($ 3)7:&(+ '0 18 = – 5273)'3'8&4(' ',0$+0,9 ($ 72'/(+ '5')'
10 °C. !$)++, 5$5 -2$/&)', 0+=-+2$072$ 327(0$ -'/<>$+0,9 ($ 2–3 °C
, 5$D8<=& 100 = 3)7:&(<.
J+-)'/'; 2+D&= 327(0$ -'/+26(',0(<6 ,)'+/ .+=)& C'2=&27+0,9
-'8 8+;,0/&+= 8/76 ',('/(<6 C$50'2'/ – -$8$?@+; ($ -'/+26(',0*
,')(+4('; 2$8&$%&& & -'0'5$ 2$8&'3+(('3' 0+-)$ &. .+=(<6 (+82.
"2'=+ 10'3', ($ 0+=-+2$072(<; 2+D&= /+26(&6 ,)'+/ 327(0$ '5$.</$+0
/)&9(&+ /)$3$ $0=',C+2(<6 ',$85'/, $ 0$5D+ 327(0'/<+ /'8<.
H ($,0'9@++ /2+=9 '8(&= &. ($&:')++ 8&($=&4(' 2$./&/$?@&6,9 ($-2$/)+(&; &,-')*.'/$(&9 (&.5'-'0+(%&$)*('3' 0+-)$ E+=)& 9/)9+0,9 -2&=+(+(&+ 1(+23+0&4+,5&6 C7(8$=+(0'/ (2&,. 2), ,'4+0$?@&6
/ ,+:+ C7(5%&& (+,7@+3' & 0+-)'':=+(('3' 1)+=+(0$ 8)9 ,:'2$ (&.5'-'0+(%&$)*('3' 0+-)$ 327(0$.
#&,. 1. I'8'/'+ &.=+(+(&+ 0+=-+2$072< -' 3)7:&(+ 327(0$:
1 – 1 C+/2$)9; 2 – 1 =$9; 3 – 1 ('9:29; 4 – 1 $/37,0$
K$0+2&$) C7(8$=+(0'/ – :+0'(, &=++0 6'2'>7? 0+-)'-2'/'8(',0* & 0+-)'+=5',0*, 40' 8+)$+0 +3' &8+$)*('; ,2+8';, &,-')*.7+=';
/ 5$4+,0/+ -'3)'0&0+)9 (3$,&0+)9) 0+-)'/'; 1(+23&&.
11
H(702& 1)+=+(0'/ C7(8$=+(0$ (,/$;, C7(8$=+(0(<6 -)&0, ,0+(
-'8/$)*(<6 -'=+@+(&;) ='(0&27?0,9 $:,'2:%&'((<+ 027:<, .$-')(+((<+ D&85',0*?-0+-)'(',&0+)+= (2&,. 3), ':2$.79 0+= ,$=<= -+2/&4(<; 5'(072 3+'0+2=$)*('; 1(+23',&,0+=<.
#&,. 2. A:@$9 ,6+=$ 7,02';,0/$
1(+23+0&4+,5'3' C7(8$=+(0$
#&,. 3. A:@$9 ,6+=$ 327(0'/<6
0+-)'':=+((&5'/, .$='(')&4+((<6 / C7(8$=+(0(<+ ,/$&
.8$(&9
L,0+,0/+(($9 0+=-+2$072$ 327(0$ -'3)'@$+0,9 :+0'('=, 8$)++
0+-)'(',&0+)+=. B+2/&4(<; 5'(072 ,'+8&(9+0,9 4+2+. 0+-)'/'; ($,',
,' /0'2&4(<= 5'(072'=, ($6'89@&=,9 / .8$(&&. H0'2&4(<; 5'(072
-2+8,0$/)9+0 ,':'; .$=5(707? ,&,0+=7 '0'-)+(&9 &)& '6)$D8+(&9
.8$(&9, ,',0'9@7? &. ,+0& 027:'-2'/'8'/, .$-')(+((<6 D&85',0*?0+-)'(',&0+)+=.
J+-)'/'; ($,', – 7,02';,0/' 8)9 -+2+(',$ 0+-)'/'; 1(+23&& '0
&,0'4(&5$ (&.5'-'0+(%&$)*('; 0+-)'/'; 1(+23&& (, (&.5'; 0+=-+2$072';) 5 -'02+:&0+)? (0+-)'(',&0+)?) , :')++ /<,'5'; 0+=-+2$072';.
H,+, 40' 02+:7+0,9 8)9 10'3' -2'%+,,$, 10' 8',0$0'4(' (&.5'+ -'02+:)+(&+ 1)+502&4+,5'; 1(+23&&.
B2&(%&- 8+;,0/&9 0+-)'/'3' ($,',$ (2&,. 4) -'8':+( -2&(%&-7
8+;,0/&9 ':2$@+(('; 6')'8&)*('; =$>&(<. L,)& / 6')'8&)*('; =$>&(+ ',('/('; %+)*? 9/)9+0,9 -2'&./'8,0/' 6')'8$ -70+= '0:'2$ 0+-)'0<, 0' / 0+-)'/'= ($,',+ 5$20&($ ':2$0($9.
G$&:')++ 2$,-2',02$(+((<= 0&-'= C7(8$=+(0$ , 0'45& .2+(&9
&,-')*.'/$(&9 (&.5'-'0+(%&$)*('; 1(+23&& E+=)& 9/)9+0,9 ,/$;(<;
C7(8$=+(0.
12
J+6(')'3&9 7,02';,0/$ ,&,0+=< 1(+23+0&4+,5&6 ,/$; ,',0'&0 &.
,)+87?@&6 ',('/(<6 10$-'/:
!"# 1 – 75)$85$ 027:'-2'/'8'/ ($ /(702+((?? ,0'2'(7 $2='5$25$,'/ :72'($:&/(<6 ,/$; (2&,. 5).
#&,. 4. M6+=$ 2$:'0< 0+-)'/'3' ($,',$: 1 – &,-$2&0+)*;
2 – 5'=-2+,,'2; 3 – 5'(8+(,$0'2; 4 – 2$,>&2&0+)*(<; 5)$-$(
#&,. 5. K'(0$D 027:'-2'/'8'/ ($ $2='5$25$,
!"# 2 – 7,0$('/5$ ($ ,='(0&2'/$((<+ 027:'-2'/'8< / /+26(+;
4$,0& $2='5$25$,'/ .$@&0(<6 027:, &6 C&5,$%&9 & -'82+.5$; =$25&2'/5$ 027:'-2'/'8'/ / ,''0/+0,0/&& ,' ,:'2'4('; ,6+=';.
!"# 3 – 7,0$('/5$ 5'(02')*('3' ':'278'/$(&9 , =$('=+02'=
(2&,. 6); ,'.8$(&+ 5'(02')*('3' 8$/)+(&9 6 :$2.
!"# 4 – -'327D+(&+ $2='5$25$,$ , 0+-)'':=+((&5$=& / ,5/$D&(7; .$-')(+(&+ ,5/$D&(< :+0'('=.
13
!"# 5 – -2'/+8+(&+ -'/0'2('3' 5'(02')9 -'0+2* 8$/)+(&9 -',)+
:+0'(&2'/$(&9.
!"# 6 – ,'+8&(+(&+ =+D87 ,':'; 5'(%'/ 027: 0+-)'':=+((&5'/,
/<6'89@&6 ($ -'/+26(',0* .+=)&, / +8&(7? ,&,0+=7.
#&,. 6. ,0$('/5$ 5'(02')*('3' ':'278'/$(&9
G&.5'-'0+(%&$)*('+ 0+-)' .+=)& ='D+0 &,-')*.'/$0*,9 / 2$.)&4(<6 0&-$6 .8$(&; & ,''27D+(&; =('3&=& ,-',':$=&: 8)9 '0'-)+(&9, 3'294+3' /'8',($:D+(&9, 5'(8&%&'(&2'/$(&9 ('6)$D8+(&9) /'.876$, ':'32+/$ 8'2'D+5 / .&=(++ /2+=9 3'8$, 8)9 -2+8'0/2$@+(&9 ':)+8+(+(&9, -'8'32+/$ -')+; ($ '052<0<6 ,0$8&'($6 & 0.-.
J$5&= ':2$.'=, ,&,0+=< 0+-)'- & 6)$8',($:D+(&9, &,-')*.7?@&+ (&.5'-'0+(%&$)*('+ 0+-)' .+=)& -',2+8,0/'= 1(+23+0&4+,5&6
C7(8$=+(0'/, -2+8,0$/)9?0 ,':'; ($8+D(<; &,0'4(&5 1(+23&&.
B')74+(' 12.09.2011
14
Скачать